Negative binomial regression models are used to investigate the conditions under which gangs interact with one another. This study uses digital trace data web scraped from a public Facebook about Chicago Latina/o gangs combined with geographic locations of gang territories. Specifically, this paper examines what conditions influence whether gangs interact negatively or positively in online spaces and how online interactions relate to geographic proximity of gangs. This study examines gang group processes on the digital street to understand if gang processes in the online environment mimic those on geographic street corners. These differences can be theoretically explained firstly as a generational gap, meaning that younger gang members prefer the use of social media and secondly, by how well established a gang already is, as newer gangs need more attention to establish themselves. They use it to brand themselves and to appear attractive for recruits and customers alike. ‘Digitalists’, by contrast, prefer to use social media as a way to gain reputation and territorial expansion. The proposed division of ‘digitalist’ and ‘traditionalist’ gangs is rooted in Thrasher’s (1927) dictum that no two gangs are alike and explains how some gangs prefer to keep a low profile, thus, avoiding social media use. Drawing on different perspectives (ex-gang members, law enforcement) on gangs using a multi-method design in a London borough, the current study shows that social media have polarized gangs, resulting in two distinct types of digital adaptation. Although social media have contributed to the means available to street gangs today, it does not mean that every gang agrees on their use. Social media provide novel opportunities for street gangs to operate beyond their traditional borders to sell drugs, recruit members and control their territory, virtually and physically. Implications for violence reduction policy, including the implementation of focused deterrence, are discussed. We find that several factors, including the nature of social media activity by the gang (e.g., extent of activity and who is engaging), are associated with increases in the average rate of gang-attributable shootings during the evaluation period, while content-specific variables (e.g., direct threats towards rivals and law enforcement) were not associated with increases in shootings. Here, we employ data on group-level social media usage and content to examine the correlations with gun violence.
In Philadelphia, focused deterrence was implemented between 20, and although an impact evaluation showed a significant decrease in shootings in targeted areas relative to matched comparison neighborhoods, the effect on targeted gangs was not universal, with some exhibiting no change or an increase in gun-related activity. At the heart of the intervention is a coordinated effort to communicate the costs and consequences of gun violence to identified gang members during face-to-face meetings and additional community messaging. This paper contributes to the research on Chinese ritual impoliteness and rap battle competitions.įocused deterrence is a gang violence reduction strategy that relies on a unique mix of strong enforcement messages from law enforcement and judicial officials coupled with the promise of additional services. Their use of ritual impoliteness is warranted by hip-hop community norms of authenticity and creativity as well as Chinese social values of reciprocity, filial piety, and moral educators. Moreover, advanced rappers performed significantly more boasting and ritual insults on the others' moral qualities. The findings show that advanced and novice rappers employed comparable instances of taboo language, threatening, and insults on their opponents' superficial qualities and rap skills. Using mixed methods of discourse analysis and content analysis, we analyze the ritual impo-liteness strategies in 51 rounds of Chinese freestyle rap battles. Taking Iron Mic as a case study, this paper explores how advanced and novice rappers perform ritual impoliteness in Chinese underground rap battle competitions. Introduced by African American communities, Chinese rap battle features an intensive ritual exchange of impoliteness, aggression, and vulgarity, but its linguistic realizations have not been systematically examined.
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